What maternal behavior may negatively affect fetal development?

Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy are known to significantly impact fetal development negatively. These substances can lead to serious complications, including fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental disorders.

When a mother smokes, harmful chemicals such as nicotine and carbon monoxide enter her bloodstream, affecting the oxygen supply to the fetus. This can result in a range of adverse outcomes, including increased risks for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and various congenital disabilities.

Similarly, alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which can cause physical, behavioral, and learning problems in the child. The severity of the impact often correlates with the amount and timing of alcohol exposure during gestation.

In contrast, regular prenatal exercise, taking prenatal vitamins, and attending routine check-ups are all beneficial practices that support maternal health and fetal development. Exercise can help manage weight gain and decrease the likelihood of gestational diabetes, prenatal vitamins provide essential nutrients like folic acid that aid in preventing neural tube defects, and routine check-ups allow for monitoring of both maternal and fetal health.